BIMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2536-6041)

The Role of ICT in Curbing Electoral Fraud in Nigeria

2025-05-23T15:49:15+00:00

This study centered on preferences of electoral fraud as a major challenge to political development in Nigeria. An electoral fraud is an illegal interference with the process of election that interferes with the mandate of the people. The statement of the problem is the abuse of the democratic principle which has led to elections losing its capacity to determine who will represent the people. This development has resulted to the masses losing confidence in the democratic exercise and the morale to vote has been killed because of the “so or die” nature of elections. This study delves into the nature and character of electoral fraud in Nigeria. The study was guided by its objectives which state that, perception of the electoral fraud has impact on Nigerian elections, electoral fraud and electoral participation in Nigeria and political instability and social disorder in Nigeria resulting from electoral fraud. The focus of this study is to examine the role of ICT in preventing electoral fraud and investigate the ugly perfection of electoral fraud. The Marxist theory of the state was adopted as the theoretical framework and sources of data collected was mainly primary data and analysis using SPPS. This research concluded that the high rate of electoral fraud is adversely undermining the process of free and fair election. Finally, this study recommended that for a total consolidation of the nascent democracy in Nigeria all hands must be on deck to eliminate electoral fraud in Nigeria.

Proximate Analysis and Mineral Composition of the Lord's Apple Cinnamon Tea

2025-05-24T22:02:12+00:00

This study examines the proximate and mineral composition of Lord's Apple Cinnamon Tea, a functional beverage with health benefits from apple and cinnamon bioactive compounds. Apples contain flavonoids like quercetin, which reduce oxidative stress and improve lipid metabolism, while cinnamon provides cinnamaldehyde, which enhances insulin sensitivity and lowers blood glucose. The study aimed to assess the tea's nutritional profile through proximate and mineral analysis. The methodology involved the collection and preparation of tea samples, followed by mineral analysis using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) and proximate analysis to determine moisture, ash, fiber, lipids, and protein content. The results showed high levels of potassium (191,496.7 mg/kg), sodium (28,997.67 mg/kg), and iron (7,500.01 mg/kg), along with trace elements like copper, zinc, magnesium, and manganese. Proximate analysis revealed fiber (68.92%), moisture (23.04%), ash (10.48%), lipids (8.48%), and protein (8.1%). These findings suggest the tea may support cardiovascular health, digestion, and antioxidant activity. It is recommended as part of a healthy diet, with further research needed to explore its long-term effects.

Exploring the Role of Reviving Decorative Motifs in Contemporary Hausa Traditional Architecture towards Preserving Cultural Identity: A Case Study of Gidan Shettima Kano Emirate Council

2025-05-24T22:14:39+00:00

Hausa decorative motifs are integral to the architectural and artistic heritage of the Hausa people. Traditional Hausa architecture faces challenges in maintaining cultural continuity amidst modern architectural practices that often overlook traditional elements. This study investigates the role of reviving decorative motifs in preserving cultural identity within Hausa traditional architecture, focusing on Gidan Shettima in the Kano Emirate Council. A qualitative methodology was employed, involving in-depth interviews with master builders, artisans, and cultural experts, alongside architectural analysis and visual documentation. The findings revealed that decorative motifs in Hausa architecture originated over 900 years ago, with primary types including Dagi (emblem/logo), Sarka (chain), and Zanen zayyana (calligraphy). These motifs have evolved with changes in materials and techniques but remain integral in preserving Hausa cultural identity. Key motifs like Sarka are prevalent in Gidan Shettima. The study underscores the importance of these decorative elements in maintaining cultural heritage. Recommendations include documentation and preservation efforts, training programs for artisans, community involvement, integrating modern and traditional techniques, policy development, and further research. By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can ensure the continued celebration and preservation of Hausa cultural identity through architectural motifs.

Community-Engaged Architecture and Flooding Resilience for Lokoja, Nigeria

2025-05-25T06:04:43+00:00

The negative impact of climate change has disrupted our environment and the rapid growth of the urban built environment continues to increase the climate uncertainty and also increase the demand for resilience. In recent years there have been frequent flash floods and flooding in Nigeria and particularly in the built environment of Lokoja area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Therefore, buildings resilience and the local processes for architectural adaptation are necessary to avoid future catastrophic disasters. However, disaster prevention and resilience can only be effective when the human factor is considered and the processes for local resilience are harnessed for new architectural solutions based on community-engaged architecture. This literature review-based article is the first part of a two parts research with this being the theoretical discourse on the strategies for flooding resilience and adaptations in buildings. Whilst the second part would deal with identifying local strategies, proposed improved sustainable innovative strategies through community participation for the affected Lokoja communities. Literature suggests that, architecture is human centred, the built environment flooding resilience is attainable, community engaged architecture and participatory processes are key to promoting acceptable sustainability in architectural practices.

Assessing the Causes of Defects in Heritage Building towards Safeguarding Cultural Heritage in Hausaland Milieu: A Case Study of Nasarawa Palace, Kano

2025-05-25T06:09:23+00:00

Nasarawa Palace is a heritage building of mud architecture, embodying intricate artistic expression, craftsmanship reflecting the rich cultural heritage of Kano people. Currently, the palace is undergoing deterioration and transformation. Hence, this study aimed at examining the causes of defect influencing the Nasarawa Palace. Case study design approach was involved as a strategy in achieving the research aim, whereby purposive sampling technique was engaged in eliciting data from the palace stakeholders through semi-structured interviews. Photos, voice record and observation were also conducted during the fieldwork. It was found that, the frontline causes of building defects in the Nasarawa Palace are related to heavy rainfall which causes waterlog, deterioration and minor flooding. Secondly, the findings revealed that, Nasarawa Palace had undergone significant changes from its initial traditional construction to the shift towards the use of modern materials. In conclusion, the transformation of the Nasarawa Palace is shaped by a combination of cultural, economic, governmental, community-driven factors. The study recommends professionals in the building industry including architects and engineers to take cognisance of preserving and reviving cultural identity when embarking on heritage buildings of traditional architecture. Hence, this paper recommends for further research to ascertain the level of awareness of cultural significances to professionals in royal palaces of Northern Nigeria.

Integrated Geophysical Technique for Characterization of Sedimentary Aquifers of Ankpa, Part of Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria

2025-05-25T06:22:44+00:00

This research focused on addressing the need for potable water supply in semi- rural communities through effective groundwater exploration. The study concentrates on the Ankpa Area, within the Northern Anambra Basin in North Central Nigeria. To achieve this, a combined approach utilizing Geomagnetic Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) methods were employed. Forty-five (45) locations were subjected to geophysical survey using the DDR3 Terrameter for VES measurements and the ADMT 300 VLF-EM machine. The VES method, employing Schlumberger electrode configuration, was used to investigate variations in subsurface resistivity within depths ranging from 1 to 200 meters. The collected field data underwent meticulous processing and analysis via WinResist software, resulting in a 1D graph that depicts variations in subsurface layer resistivity. The VLF-EM method was applied to map electromagnetic field variations attributable to shifts in geological formations and groundwater presence. By utilizing the ADMT 300 VLF-EM machine, comprehensive data collection across the study area enabled the creation of a 2D subsurface graph. The integration of these two distinct methodologies culminated in a holistic understanding of subsurface structure, significantly enhancing the precision of potential groundwater-bearing zone identification. The outcomes of the study divulged the presence of 5 to 6 geoelectric layers, encompassing topsoil, lateritic soil, clay, sandstone, and shale. These layers exhibited resistivity values spanning from 42.6 Ωm to 100,000.0 Ωm with an average resistivity value of 10352.25Ωm, accompanied by thickness measurements ranging from approximately 0.5 meters to 93.2 meters with an average thickness of 34 meters. The integrated use of VLF-EM and VES methods in the investigation has revealed the potential for groundwater exploration in the study area average to slightly high.

Evaluation of Vickers Micro Hardness of Solution Heat Treated (SHT) Al6061/2%Gr/0 6%Al₂O₃ Composites for Piston Applications

2025-05-25T06:26:54+00:00

This research seeks to evaluate the Vickers micro hardness of Solution Heat Treated (SHT) Al6061/2%Gr/0-6% Al₂O₃ composites, and delve into their prospect for piston applications. Al₂O₃ was used as reinforcement in Al6061/Gr composites to improve mechanical properties. Solution heat treatment was carried out at different temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) and durations (1, 1.5, 2 hours), followed by ageing at varying temperatures (150°C, 175°C, 200°C) and durations (2, 4, 6 hours). The factors and optimal levels were identified using Minitab Results. The Taguchi L9 Orthogonal Array in Minitab was run using the factors and levels. The hardness properties were evaluated through Vickers micro hardness tester. After completing the experiments, the measured values for each trial of the hardness were entered into Minitab. Then the S/N ratios were analyzed in Minitab via Analyze Taguchi Design sub-menu and selecting the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) response option for the desired outcome of Vickers hardness. The S/N ratio type was set to "Larger-the-Better" for hardness. The Minitab was used to output the mean S/N ratios for each level of each factor and the highest S/N ratio for each factor, which represents the optimal level for that factor, was identified and interpreted. The results reveal significant improvements in hardness with higher Al₂O₃ content, and thus offer insights into their suitability for high-stress applications, such as pistons.

Detection of Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens in HIV/AIDS Patients Attending HIV Clinic, Federal Medical Centre Azare, Bauchi State Nigeria

2025-05-25T06:37:51+00:00

Opportunistic fungal infections are common in immunocompromised HIV patients, yet their impact in Bauchi, northeastern Nigeria, is understudied. The objective of this study was to detect and identify opportunistic fungal pathogens among HIV patients and to assess their risk factors. The study involved 385 HIV patients with opportunistic fungal infections symptoms, where urine, blood, and sputum samples were examined. Pathogens were isolated on potato dextrose agar, and standardized questionnaires were distributed to the patients to gather information on possible infection risk factors. Chi-square, univariate, and multiple logistic regression analyses examined relationships between the variables. The prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections among HIV patients was 25.71%. Out of the total positive urine samples, 38 (66.6%), 5 (8.7%), and 14 (24.5%) were Candida spp Cryptococcus spp, and Aspergillus spp, respectively. In blood samples, 42.9%, 16.7%, and 40.5% were positive for these fungi, but all sputum samples were negative. The presence of birds dropping and patients not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were significantly associated with opportunistic fungal infections. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that HIV patients residing in areas with birds dropping are 62 times more likely to develop opportunistic fungal infections compared to those without such exposure [AOR (95% CI): 61.965 (18.258–210.306)]. HIV patients not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were at 98 times higher risk of developing opportunistic fungal infections than those on ART [AOR (95% CI): 98.475 (33.437–290.016)]. The study found Candida spp Cryptococcus spp, and Aspergillus spp in clinical samples, with Candida spp being the most common among immunocompromised individuals. Aspergillus spp and Cryptococcus spp, were less common. Furthermore, the study highlighted that the major infection risk factors were HIV patients not on antiretroviral therapy (ART), residing in areas with bird droppings and viral load.

Power System Optimization Using Hybrid Heuristic SearchAlgorithm

2025-05-25T06:44:11+00:00

This research introduces a hybrid optimization algorithm integrating Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Greedy Algorithm for microgrid load prediction and operational control. The approach leverages GA's global exploration capabilities to identify potential configurations and applies the Greedy Algorithm for local refinement, addressing challenges such as slow convergence and suboptimal solutions. Real-world load data is utilized to evaluate the method's performance across forecasting accuracy, operational cost reduction, system reliability, and computational efficiency. Metrics like Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) validate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid approach. Results demonstrate that the algorithm significantly improves load forecasting precision and microgrid control performance compared to traditional methods. By optimizing energy management and incorporating renewable energy sources, this method enhances sustainability, reliability, and efficiency, establishing itself as a viable solution for modern microgrid systems. This study contributes to advancing hybrid heuristic algorithms for power system optimization.

Bioelectricity Generation from Plantain Peel Waste using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell

2025-05-25T06:50:45+00:00

This study investigates the potential of using plantain peel waste as a substrate in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for bioelectricity generation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed as the microbial inoculum, while kaolinite clay combined with starch was used to fabricate a cost effective proton exchange membrane (PEM). The performance of the microbial fuel cell was monitored over a period of 13 days, during which a steady generation of electricity was observed, including current and voltage readings of 0.903 mA and 0.42 V; and 0.03 mA and 0.47 V on days 1 and 13 respectively. The maximum current density, power density, and voltage density were recorded as 1157 mA/m², 527.62 mW/m², and 289.5 V/m², respectively. The study demonstrated that plantain peel waste is a suitable substrate for electricity generation, and the clay-starch membrane functioned effectively as a proton exchange membrane, albeit with limited viability. This experiment also showcased the feasibility of creating a low-cost microbial fuel cell using locally available materials, which provides a potential avenue for sustainable and economically viable bioelectricity production to meet future electricity needs.

Hybrid Ransomeware Detection using Catboost and Random Forest Algorithm

2025-05-25T07:11:42+00:00

Numerous threats to cybersecurity, such as ransomware, malware, spyware, Wannacry, and Cryptolocker assaults continue to cause significant damage to servers, computer systems, and web applications owned by different organizations across the globe. These safety issues are critical and need to be resolved right away. To ensure prompt response and prevention, ransomware detection and classification are essential. The RF algorithms classifiers and CatBoost feature selection are deployed in this work to identify and categorize ransomware assaults. This method entails examining ransomware behavior and identifying important features that can be applied to distinguish between various malware families. The algorithms' efficiency in precisely identifying and categorizing ransomware is demonstrated when they are tested on a ransomware detection dataset used in this study, which has 62,485 samples overall, was gathered from Kaggle, incidents of ransomware attacks and achieved a result of 99.80% accuracy. These findings indicate that the RF Classifiers and CatBoost classifier can accurately distinguish between various ransomware incidents, thereby providing a useful tool to aid cybersecurity.

EffectsofPbandCrAccumulationontheGrowthPerformanceof SomeLocalRiceVarieties fromNorth-EasternNigeria

2025-05-25T07:00:59+00:00

Rice is an important cereal crop and foods for many population which utilizes certain
concentration of heavy metals as source of nutrient. Heavy metals contamination and food
safety are global issues that requires attention. Nigeria local rice varieties; Mai-kaya, Jamila
and Mai-kwalli were evaluated for effective agronomic response and phyto-extraction of Pb
and Cr. The rice seeds grown in paddy farm for three weeks and transplanted to pots for heavy
metals accumulation studies. 500 ppm of Cr and Pb were prepared and use to water the rice at
its different concentrations (100mL, 200mL, 300mL, 400mL and 500mL). Growth parameters
including root and leaf development were determine both in the field and after transplanting at
2-weeks intervals. The concentration of the heavy metals in dried sample of both rice organs
and soil was determined by acid digestion and analyze using atomic absorption
spectrophotometry (AAS). The growing plant in various Pb and Cr concentrations was found
to produced root number at a range of 60.00 ± 2.00 to 38.33 ± 2.51, root length range of 11.43
± 0.35 to 5.06 ± 0.20, fresh weight of 0.99 ± 0.01 to 0.40 ± 0.00 and dry weight of 0.85±0.17
to 0.13±0.00. Jamila was recorded with optimum plant height of 43.33, followed by Mai
kwalli with 38.33 after two weeks of treatment with Cr 100mg/Kg. For the phyto-extraction,
Jamila and Mai-kaya demonstrate optimal Cr accumulation in their seeds and soil across all
the concentrations. Jamila rice was found to be highly adaptive to various heavy metals
concentration than Maikaya and Maikwalli. However, the the Pb and Cr values detected in the
present study are beyond permissible limit. The maximum allowable limit for Pb is 300 µg/kg,
while for the Cr is 0.2mg/kg.

Ameliorative effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) on Sawdust Effluent-induced physiological stress in Heteroclarias

2025-05-25T07:30:44+00:00

The release of sawdust effluent into the aquatic environment increases turbidity and induces oxidative stress in fish. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of stresses induced by sawdust effluent in Heteroclarias. Juveniles of Heteroclarias were exposed to lethal concentrations (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 g/l) of sawdust effluent for 96 h and fed on turmeric (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 2.5%) for 30 days. After exposure periods, the 96 h LC50 was 3.1g/l, blood and organs were collected for hematological and biochemical assays. Activities of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT); Aspartate aminotransferase (AST); Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Acetylcholinesterase (AChE); Superoxide dismutase (SOD); Catalase (CAT); Glutathione peroxidase (GPX); melanodehydehyde (MDA), total protein and glucose increased (P < 0.05) in Group F compared to control Group A. The red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, and platelets decreased (P < 0.05) as the concentration of toxicant increased. However, enzyme activities and haematological levels revealed a gradual reduction and increase in Groups C, D & E fed 1%, 2%, and 2.5% turmeric respectively. While a great reduction and elevation (P < 0.05) was, observed in Group B fed 0.5% turmeric respectively. This implies that 0.5% turmeric supplementation in diet is capable of minimizing oxidative stress in sawdust-exposed-Heteroclarias.

Spatial Identification of high-risk level of HIV/AIDS in Karu LGA using spatial Autocorrelation and Kriging interpolation

2025-05-26T02:02:00+00:00

To appropriately serve humanity better, the need to distribute the limited resources correctly to the needed persons and location remain nonnegotiable in our present dispensation. Indeed, it became very expedient to sort for means of allocating these minimum resources to the needy against all odds. The study seeks to identify communities with severe cases of HIV virus across Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State and communities at high risk of HIV/AIDS. The study used secondary data from the Karu Medical center Mararaba, which covered a period of ten (10) years, from 2013 to 2023. The study used Moran’s I Statistics, Kriging Model and Semivariogram model, and ArcGIS software was used to analyzed the data. The finding shows that the Moran’s I statistics recorded a positive value of 0.026684, z-score of 5.880192 and p-value 0.0000 which is statistically significant. The spatial autocorrelation flattens out at 0.817 by the semivariogram and Kriging model predicts communities at high risk of HIV/AIDS. This study conclude that resources should be allocated to the identified communities and alongside intervention program such as campaign programs and medical outreach to stop further prevalence of this virus.

Evaluation of Rheological Properties of Cashew Nutshell Liquid Superplasticizer with Portland Cement

2025-05-26T02:08:53+00:00

This study investigates the rheological performance of Portland cement paste modified with a novel bio-based superplasticizer synthesized from cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), an agro industrial byproduct rich in phenolic compounds. The use of bio-derived admixtures is gaining attention in sustainable construction practices, offering a greener alternative to conventional petrochemical-based additives. In this work, the synthesized CNSL-based superplasticizer (CNSL-SP) was evaluated for its effectiveness in enhancing the flow behaviour of cement paste across various water-to-cement (w/c) ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.4. Rheological properties were measured using a Brookfield CAP 1000+ viscometer under different shear rates, and CNSL-SP was dosed at concentrations between 0.5% and 3.0% by weight of cement. The results demonstrate a consistent decrease in shear stress with increasing CNSL-SP content, indicating improved dispersion and workability of the cement paste. The most effective dosage was observed between 1% and 2%, where the reduction in yield stress was substantial without compromising paste stability. At higher dosages, particularly beyond 2%, over-fluidity and potential segregation were observed, especially at elevated w/c ratios. These findings highlight the potential of CNSL-SP as a sustainable and cost-effective superplasticizer for concrete technology, particularly in regions with abundant cashew production. Moreover, the results provide a foundation for further investigations into the long-term mechanical performance and durability characteristics of CNSL-modified concrete. The use of renewable resources such as CNSL for performance-enhancing admixtures aligns with the broader goals of green engineering and environmentally conscious construction practices.

Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network in Precision Irrigation and Fertilization

2025-05-26T02:15:43+00:00

This research explores the design and implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT) based system for precision irrigation and fertilization in greenhouse environments. By integrating ESP32 microcontrollers with soil moisture, temperature, and Nitrogen potassium and phosphorus (NPK) sensors, the system enables real-time monitoring and automation of irrigation and nutrient management. The system collects and transmits sensor data to a central platform via Wi-Fi, allowing users to access real-time information through a web-based interface. Automated irrigation is achieved through solenoid valves, which adjust water flow based on soil moisture levels, while fertilization suggestions are provided when nutrient deficiencies are detected in the soil. To evaluate the system's accuracy and reliability, the sensor data was compared with manual measurements obtained using conventional methods. The results showed high accuracy, with soil moisture readings differing by no more than 5% from manual measurements, and soil temperature readings within a 1% range. The NPK sensor data showed a slight discrepancy of 10-15% for nitrogen and phosphorus levels, which is acceptable for soil nutrient testing, with potassium levels showing greater accuracy (within 5%). The research demonstrates the potential of IoT systems to improve greenhouse management by enhancing resource efficiency, enabling precise environmental control, and providing actionable insights for optimal plant growth. The results are consistent with previous studies on IoT-based agricultural systems, further supporting the feasibility of this technology for modernizing greenhouse farming. The project suggests opportunities for further refinement, including advanced machine learning for improved data analysis and sensor calibration.

Molecular Detection and Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Ear-Nasal Throat (ENT) in Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

2025-05-26T02:28:49+00:00

Ear, nose, and throat infections represent a significant public health issue in developing countries including Nigeria, resulting in a considerable burden of illness and economic strain on patients, families, and the healthcare system. Studies on the molecular information of bacterial pathogens associated with Ear-Nasal-Throat (ENT) in Northwest particularly in Kano is limited. This study aimed to determine the Molecular detection and prevalence of bacterial pathogens associated with Ear-Nasal-Throat (ENT) in patient attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano (AKTH). A total of 384 samples from patients with ENT infections were collected at AKTH using sterilized swab sticks and cultured on Chocolate and MacConkey agar. Pathogens were identified through Gram staining, biochemical tests, and molecular methods. A questionnaire gathered demographic data on age and gender, and a chi-square test assessed the significance of associations between the variables. The overall prevalence of ENT in this study was 17.0%. The most common pathogen identified was Staphylococcus aureus (30.8%), followed by Providencia stuartii (23.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.0%), Escherichia coli (18.5%), Serratia marcescens (6.2%), and Haemophilus influenzae (1.5%). Females had a higher prevalence of ENT infections (19.0%) compared to males (14.4%), though not statistically significant (χ2 = 1.482, p = 0.223). The age group 21-30 had the highest prevalence at 27.3%, while those aged 31-50 had the lowest at 11.3%. Asignificant association was found between infections and age group (p < 0.05; χ2 = 10.244, p = 0.037). The current study indicates that the prevalence of bacterial pathogens associated with ear, nasal, and throat infections is moderate in the study area. This finding shows that infections of the ears, nose, and throat are still common, highlighting the urgent need for effective measures to eradicate these pathogens and improve public health.

Assessment of Water Demand and Supply in Tumfure,Akko Local Government, Gombe State, Nigeria

2025-05-26T02:35:14+00:00

Water scarcity remains a major challenge in many arid and semi-arid regions, impacting socio-economic development and public health. This study assesses the patterns of water demand and supply in Tumfure, Akko Local Government, Gombe State, Nigeria, a rapidly urbanising area facing increasing pressure on its water resources. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative data from 100 structured questionnaires and qualitative insights from key informant interviews and field observations. Findings reveal that 58% of residents rely on commercial water tankers, which are costly and unreliable, while 34% depend on piped water, and 8% use rainwater harvesting, mainly for non-drinking purposes. Infrastructure deficiencies (58%) and population growth (37%) were identified as the primary factors affecting water reliability. Socio-economic impacts include 40% of households reporting disruptions in education due to water shortages and income instability caused by fluctuating water costs. The study highlights the need for improved water infrastructure, community-based water management strategies, and policy interventions to enhance equitable water distribution. Addressing these challenges is essential for ensuring sustainable water supply, improving health outcomes, and reducing socio-economic disparities in Tumfure. Recommendations include improved water infrastructure, community-based water management

Prevalence of Cercariae Infection Among Freshwater Snails Around Irrigation Schemes, in the Benue River Valley, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2025-05-26T02:48:59+00:00

Schistosomiasis and fascioliasis are similar in their life cycles in which freshwater snails that act as intermediate host. The aim of the study was to assess the rate of cercaria shedding in snails collected around irrigation schemes in the Benue River Valley of Yola South, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Freshwater snails sampled were kept in the aquaria for 2-3 days to acclimatize and fed with aquatic vegetation. Each snail was placed in a beaker and exposed to morning sunlight. The beakers were observed for the presence of cercariae using hand lens and microscope in the Department of Zoology, Modibbo Adama University, Yola. The distribution of freshwater snail’s species, showed that a total of 1,620 snails were sampled with Njoboliyo having the highest number of snails with 373, followed by Lake Geriyo with 287, Dasin Hausa with 266, Rugange with 255, Dasin Bwattiye with 235, while Boronji had the least with 204 freshwater snails. Overall-in the wet season:- Bulinus globosus being the most abundant snail, with a total of 287 (28.47%) snails, and the least B. truncatus with 228 (22.62%). The distribution of cercaria in the wet season; the highest was in B. globosus with 23 (32.39%), the least was in B. truncatus with 14 (19.72%). A total of 612 freshwater snails were collected in the dry season. B. globosus was most abundant snail with 173 (28.27%) snails, the least being B. reticulatus 144 (23.53%). The cercaria shedding showed that the highest was in B. reticulatus with 38 (33.63%), the least was in B. truncatus with 22 (19.47%). All species shade cercaria in all the communities

Modeling and Optimization of Fresh Properties of Kenaf Biofibrous Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology

2025-05-26T03:46:04+00:00

The pursuit of sustainable construction materials has led to growing interest in biofibrous concrete reinforced with natural fibres. This study investigates the influence of kenaf fibre length and volume fraction on the fresh properties of concrete—slump, compacting factor, and Vebe time—using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A face-centred Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to model and optimize the mix design. Experimental results revealed that, increasing fibre length and content significantly reduced workability, with slump decreasing from 90 mm to 5 mm as fibre volume increased from 0.5% to 1.5% and length from 25 mm to 75 mm. Regression models demonstrated strong predictive accuracy (R² > 90%) across all responses. Multi-response optimization using desirability function identified the ideal mix as 36.87 mm fibre length and 0.78% volume fraction, yielding a predicted slump of 49.99 mm, compacting factor of 0.90, and Vebe time of 18.23s. Laboratory validation produced close agreement, with prediction errors below 8%. These findings affirm the potential of kenaf fibres in sustainable concrete applications and align with earlier findings on natural fibre concrete systems, reinforcing the robustness of RSMinmixdesign optimization.

Fish Species Diversity and Fishermen Income in Hashidu Fishing Community, Along River Gongola, Gombe State Nigeria

2025-05-26T03:52:31+00:00

Fish species diversity and socioeconomic status of fishermen was carried out in Hashidu fishing community along river Gongola. Fish were collected from the fishermen on weekly basis over a period of six months cutting across both dry and rainy seasons. Gillnets of different mesh sizes were used to capture the fishes. Fish species were preserved using 10% formalin prior to transportation to laboratory for identification using appropriate fish identification keys. A well designed questionnaire was randomly given to 50 fishermen to extract information on the their socioeconomic status which was evaluated through their monthly income from fishing activities. The results show that the research area is rich with seventeen (16) fish species representing eleven (11) families. The study revealed that family Claridae had highest number of four (4) species, Characidae and Bagridae has two species each, the remaining families had only one species representing each of them. About 54% of the fishermen earn up to and above #30,000, while the remaining 46% of the fishermen earn below #30, 000 monthly which is the Nigerian national minimum wage as at the time of conducting this study. The income of fishermen in the study area is low, which may results to overfishing and negatively affects the conservation of fish species in the study area. Alternative source of income should be created such as farming in order to reduce pressure on the fish population and conserve the fish resources effectively.

Assessment of Physicochemical, Hygiene Performance and Bacteriological Quality of Stored Water in Selected Hostels in Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria

2025-05-26T03:58:39+00:00

Water quality assessment is crucial in ensuring the safety and health of individuals, especially in residential areas like student hostels. This study assessed the physicochemical parameters, hygiene performance, and bacteriological quality of stored water in hostels in Malete, Nigeria. Twenty different water samples were collected and analyzed for key physicochemical properties and hygiene practices related to water storage and handling. Membrane filtration technique was employed for the bacteriological estimation and identification of the isolates were carried out using standard methods. Hygiene performance indices ranged from 40- 80 % of the stored water samples. The findings revealed varying levels of physicochemical properties; Temperature oscillated from (26.0- 28.4 °C), TDS (48.0– 690.0 mg/L), pH (5.44-7.61), EC in µS/cm (96.0 689.0), salinity (0.0-0.01%) and resistivity (1.170– 4.910 MΩ/cm). Total Bacterial Count ranged from 80.0 ±0.5.77- 200±20.0 CFU/100ml, Total Coliform Count (0.0- 100±10.00 CFU/100ml), Total Faecal Coliform Count (0.0– 10.0±0.0 CFU/100ml), Total Salmonella- Shigella (0.0 100±26.45 CFU/100ml) and Total Pseudomonad Count (0.0- 100±20.00 CFU/100ml). Poor hygiene practices, such as inadequate container cleaning and direct hand contact, contributed to bacterial contamination. The presence of coliforms in almost all the samples indicated potential health risks. This study highlights the need for improved water management practices and regular monitoring to ensure safe drinking water for hostel residents in Malete, Kwara State. Implementing proper hygiene education and water treatment methods is recommended.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Methanolic Extract Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

2025-05-26T04:04:07+00:00

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are among the most prevalent pathogens found in food poisoning. Infections caused by these organisms are associated with high mortality rate in hospitalized patients. This study is aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activities of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. Based on the phytochemical screening, the extract was tested for the presence of different chemical groups like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tanins, Steroids and Saponins. The result of this study revealed that the extract inhibited the growth of the microorganisms to varying proportion with zones of inhibition ranging from 7 to 16mm. The extract produced the highest zone of inhibition on Escherichia coli (16mm) while Staphylococcus aureus(14mm) shows the least. Furthermore, the phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tanins, Steroids and Saponins in ginger. The presence of these phytochemical constituent in the extract could be responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. The study confirms the use of Ginger extract in the treatment of wounds infection in the traditional medicine in different part of the world.

Prevalence of Plasmodium Species Infection Among Pregnant Women in Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State

2025-05-26T04:09:24+00:00

Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium species that are haemo-protozoans, single-celled, transmitted by mosquito vector. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium species infection among pregnant women in Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State. A cross-sectional study designed was conducted among four Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC); Miyettti Allah, Taro-Taro, Dan-Mani and Mando in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Blood samples were collected intravenously from 210 pregnant women. The samples were examined for Plasmodium species using Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), Microscopy and confirmed using Polymerase chain reaction test. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 26) and Chi-square was used to determine the association at a P-value > 0.05. Result showed that, Plasmodium falciparum caused the infection among the pregnant women in the area. The overall prevalence was 66/210 (31.4%). The highest prevalence was recorded in Taro-Taro PHCC (40.0%). It was found that fever (51.5%) was the most frequent chief complaint and the least was body-ache (11.8%) out of the four encountered. It can be concluded that Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for infection in pregnant women characterized by fever, headache, chills and body-ache. Keywords:

Toxicity Study on Alkaloid-Rich Fraction of Detarium microcarpum (Fabaceae) Stem Bark in Wistar Rats

2025-05-26T04:14:32+00:00

Several studies reported the toxicity profile of the stem bark extract of Detarium microcarpun plant. However, no available data on the toxicity profile of the various fractions of its crude extract which gives baseline for isolation of lead compounds. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of 28-day repeated oral administration of alkaloid-rich fraction of Detarium microcarpum stem bark extract on biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five animals each and administered different doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) of alkaloid-rich fractions via oral route. Body weight changes, relative organ weights (liver, kidney, spleen, heart), serum liver biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP), liver function parameters (total protein, albumin), kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, BUN), electrolytes (Na, HCO, K, Cl), and oxidative stress parameters (MDA, CAT, SOD, GPx, LDH, GGT, GHS) were measured using standard techniques. The body weight changes insignificantly (p˃0.05) for rats in the acute toxicity study where the weight increases after administration of the alkaloid-rich fractions of D. microcarpum stem bark at a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg from day 1 to day 14. The same was observed when different doses of the fraction were administered for 28 days. The result indicated the no significant (P˃0.05) organ weight (%) for liver, kidney, spleen, brain and heart. There was no significant (P˃0.05) increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP, TP, ALB, Urea, Creatinine, MDA, CAT, SOD, GPx, LDH, GGT GHS electrolytes and hematological parameters levels in the normal control group compared to other groups. Administration of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of alkaloid-rich fractions of D. microcarpum stem bark for 28 days showed congested central vein and the sinusoids and the hepatocytes appeared normal. The kidney section of rats from all the groups shows normal appearance of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and the tubules. The alkaloid-rich fraction of Detarium microcarpum stem bark produces no effect on body and organ weights, biochemical activities and oxidative stress parameters in Wistar rats, suggesting its relative safety.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Microbial Activity of Parkia biglobosa Seed’ Oil Extract

2025-05-26T04:20:52+00:00

Parkia biglobosa is a deciduous tree also known as African Locust Bean. It is a forestry types well known and exploited by Africans. The tree pods are refer to as the fruits of the plant and has colour ranges from pink brown to dark brown when fully matured. Phytochemicals screening and antimicrobial activity of the seed’ oil against some clinical isolates was carried out to ascertain suitability of the it as for the control of epidermal, urinary tract and other infectious diseases. Soxhlet extractor was used for the extraction of oil from the seeds, which later subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. Antibacterial activity of the oil extract was perfomed using Agar Disc Diffusion Method. The clinical isolates used were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeurigonasa (P. aeurigonasa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The percentage yield of the oil is 30ml/120g x 100 % = 25%. The phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides. The oil possess significant antimicrobial activity against the isolates, particuarly at 100% and 50% concentration. Zone of inhibition increases as the concentration of the oil increases. Positive correlation was observed based on the oil concentration (increase). This study revealed the medicinal value of the seed’ oil, in addition to it’s the traditional uses.

Growth Kinetics of Refractory Metal Silicide under Radiation Induced Interstitial Mechanism: An Analytical Approach

2025-05-26T04:25:02+00:00

Refractory metal silicides are widely used in microelectronics and also important in high temperature applications. This is due to their excellent thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength. Conventional silicide formation typically occurs through thermal annealing. In this process, metal and silicon atoms interdiffuse. This interdiffusion occurs at elevated temperatures. However, under irradiation, atomic transport mechanisms are significantly altered. This change leads to enhanced diffusion. As a result, silicide formation can occur at lower temperatures. A theoretical model is developed to describe radiation-induced interstitial diffusion as the dominant mechanism during the formation of thin-film refractory metal silicide. Under irradiation, interstitial atoms are generated in both the metal and silicon layers. This process facilitates atomic transport. The metal interstitial atoms then diffuse toward the silicide/silicon interface through an interstitial mechanism. Similarly, silicon interstitial atoms migrate toward the metal/silicide interface. This also occurs via an interstitial mechanism. The silicide layer forms as a result of chemical reactions between metal and silicon interstitial atoms at these interfaces. The growth of the silicide layer follows a diffusion-limited rate governed by parabolic kinetics. The theoretical analysis indicates a distinct behaviour under irradiation. In such conditions, two interstitial atoms simultaneously contribute to silicide growth. This contrasts with non-irradiation conditions, where diffusion is typically governed by a single dominant atomic species. The effect is particularly pronounced in refractory metal silicides. The interstitial atomic densities were estimated from the model. These estimates correspond to both the irradiated refractory metal and silicon layers. The results indicate that silicide growth kinetics strongly depend on the defect generation rate in both layers. The influence of defect generation rate on silicide growth kinetics is significant. As the defect generation rate increases, the thickness of the silicide layer also increases. This enhancement is primarily due to the elevated interstitial densities resulting from higher defect generation rates in both irradiated layers. This effect is observed even at a low irradiation temperature. This temperature is significantly below the threshold required for silicide formation under non-irradiation conditions.

Nucleotide sequence variation(s) in Bovine Diacyl-Glycerol Acyl-coAAcyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) GeneAcross Nigerian Cattle Breeds

2025-05-26T04:29:31+00:00

The DGAT1 gene expresses a protein which is responsible in the production of triglycerides. Triglycerides, being the key components of fat are synthesised by the linking of diacylglycerol to long chain fatty acyl CoAs. This process is aided by a minimum of two enzymes at least. One of which, is encoded by DGAT1. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) along with single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was used to reveal genetic variations in bovine DGAT1 gene in 154 cattle, belonging to two breeds farmed in Nigeria. These included the White Fulani and Sokoto Gudali cattle breeds. Sequence analysis of the exon 8 region of bovine DGAT1 gene revealed the pK232A variation in the White Fulani cattle breed. This has been previously described in other cattle of Bos taurus origin in Europe. The presence of this common variant in different cattle breeds irrespective of location may indicate a relationship from an evolutionary standpoint, in the same way the differences within a breed might be explained by either selection pressure or random genetic drift. Since this variation was found to increase milk fat in cattle of European origin, it is likely that it may be controlling the same metabolic process in the White Fulani cattle breed. However, further research need to be carried out to ascertain this.

Applicability of Colors in Interior Spaces of Buildings

2025-05-26T04:33:04+00:00

This study investigates the applicability of color in interior spaces, synthesizing psychological, cultural, and functional dimensions to establish evidence-based design guidelines. Through a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods approach, we analyze secondary data from peer-reviewed research, case studies (e.g., Alma de Luce projects), and industry standards (WELL Building Standard v2). Thematic coding reveals that color significantly impacts occupant well-being (e.g., blue reduces stress, red enhances energy) and spatial perception (e.g., light tones expand rooms). Cross-cultural comparisons highlight divergent symbolism—white signifies purity in Western contexts but mourning in East Asia—underscoring the need for localized strategies. Quantitative benchmarks, including Light Reflectance Value (LRV) thresholds and melanopic lighting metrics, validate these findings, demonstrating that optimal contrast ratios (30–70%) improve wayfinding by 27% (Wang & Durmus, 2025). The study culminates in a decision matrix integrating psychological effects, cultural relevance, and performance criteria (e.g., circadian alignment) for designers. Key limitations include reliance on secondary data and Western-centric biases in industry standards. Results advocate for human-centric design that balances aesthetics with scientific rigor, particularly in healthcare and workplace environments. Future research should prioritize post-occupancy validations and Global South case studies to address geographic gaps. This work bridges historical color theories (Chevreul, 1855; Itten, 1961) with contemporary practices, offering a holistic framework for intentional color application in architecture and interior design.

Usability of Heritage Building Materials: A Case Study of Hadhramaut (Yemen) and Najran (Saudi Arabia)

2025-05-26T04:36:17+00:00

This study investigates the usability of heritage building materials in two prominent regions of the Arabian Peninsula—Hadhramaut in Yemen and Najran in Saudi Arabia—both known for their rich architectural traditions and extensive use of earth-based construction. Employing a mixed-methods approach rooted in comparative case study methodology, the research synthesizes secondary data from academic publications, conservation reports, and architectural surveys to assess the performance and adaptability of traditional materials, particularly mudbrick (adobe) and layered mud (teen), timber, stone, and traditional plasters like qadad. Findings reveal that both regions utilize similar materials, yet their usability differs based on environmental conditions, socio-political contexts, and conservation infrastructure. In Hadhramaut, mudbrick offers excellent thermal performance and ease of construction, but political instability and economic decline have hindered consistent maintenance. Conversely, Najran benefits from structured governmental conservation programs, though increased rainfall presents challenges to material longevity. Quantitative comparisons of climatic data, wall dimensions, thermal conductivity, and documented restoration costs underscore the role of local context in determining material viability. The study highlights key usability factors, including availability, durability, workability, environmental impact, and socio-cultural value. It concludes that traditional building materials remain viable for sustainable construction and heritage preservation, provided that conservation strategies are tailored to local realities. By reinforcing the importance of traditional knowledge and material science, the research contributes to the discourse on sustainable heritage architecture and offers insights for policy makers, architects, and conservationists working in arid and semi-arid regions.

Assessment of Fuel Wood Consumption Among Rural Households in Michika Local Government of Adamawa State, Nigeria

2025-05-26T11:22:27+00:00

Although fuel wood is an important and the cheapest source of fuel to many rural and low-income earners, it affect the natural vegetation, destruction of the ecosystem and it led to a lot of land degradation including soil erosion, air pollution among others. The objective of the study was to assess the fuel wood consumption among rural households in Michika LGA of Adamawa State. The factors affecting fuel wood consumption were analyzed. The challenges of sourcing the fuel wood were identified. The environmental effect of the fuel wood consumption was analyzed and the socio-economic effect associated with the strategies adopted to cope with the challenges faced during sourcing the fuel wood were identified. The data were generated by the use of questionnaire. 100 questionnaires were distributed but 80 was returned and was used for the study. Hence, the data were analyzed by simply statics by using tables and chats. The results reveal that fuel wood was slowly becoming unavailable and as such households had developed various strategies to cope with reduced fuel wood availability which include switching to the use of charcoal since it is affordable and readily available in virtually every shop in the neighborhood. The study recommends adoption of other sources of fuel like kerosine and biogas; provision of tree seedlings to promote afforestation; conservation and agroforestry, concessions; provision of solar and biogas equipment at affordable rate; improve access to energy efficient technologies; sustainable forest management and policy advocacy and implementation against tree exploitation.

Assessment of Wetland Water Quality in Maiganga Coal Mining Area, Akko Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria

2025-05-26T11:27:54+00:00

Mining activities significantly contribute to employment and economic growth but are often associated with severe environmental degradation, particularly affecting land, air, and water resources. In Maiganga, Gombe State, coal mining activities have led to considerable impacts on water quality. This study assessed the effectiveness of a constructed wetland system designed to treat mine wastewater before discharge into the environment. Water samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations, then compared with World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) guidelines. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and a paired sample t-test. Results revealed that both water sources remained acidic (pH ranging from 5.42 to 5.16) and exhibited elevated concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and chromium, exceeding permissible limits. Despite slight improvements after treatment, several parameters remained above acceptable thresholds, posing significant health risks. The results of the study indicates that the wetland water is less effective at moment. The study recommends enhancing sustainable mining practices, upgrading wetland treatment systems, improving community access to safer water sources and continuous monitoring of the wetland and public health surveillance.

Occurrences of the Macroinvertebrates in the Alimentary Canal of the Mangrove Oyster Crassostrea tulipa (Family: Osteidea)

2025-05-26T11:32:57+00:00

The food contents of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea tulipa (C. tulipa) from Tomaro mangrove swamp of the Lagos Lagoon were investigated monthly from January to December, 2022, using one hundred samples for each month. The stomachs were gutted and its contents examined under the microscope using frequency of occurrence and numerical methods for food items while the vacuity and fullness indices were calculated using standard formulae. The results revealed that the species feed on various food items of both plants and animal origins with dietary preference consisting of Closterium ehrenbergi, Detritus, Melosira varians, Navicula elliptica, Oscillatoria tenuis, Nitzchia gracilis and organic substrates. Of the 1200 stomachs examined, 346 were empty stomachs, 292 had quarter-full stomachs, 170 had half-full stomachs, 287 had three quarter-full stomachs and 107 had full stomachs, indicating that there were significant differences in different months (P

<0.05). The study on the food items in the stomachs of C. tulipa indicated that they ingested a variety of benthic and pelagic food resources, mainly phytoplankton, suggesting therefore that C. tulipa is a phytoplankton feeder, mainly consumes aquatic insects, algae, diatoms, and organic decay material with modest feeding throughout the year while animal derivatives, aquatic plants and gastropods were eaten accidentally.